The automatic transmission may develop shifting problems and/or the Check Engine Light may illuminate due to internal component failure and/or software issues. It is always best to be sure the transmission control module has the latest software installed when any major transmission repair is performed.
The 6-speed automatic transmission used in the 2006-2016 Volvo S60 is known for issues with harsh shifting, especially while the transmission is slightly warmer than normal operating temperature.
This is accompanied by slight transmission slippage, and is common with this transmission in various makes and models.
The transmission software sometimes causes the slipping and harsh shifts, but in other cases the valve body or shift solenoids are to blame.
To remedy the situation, the manufacturer of the transmission has issues various software updates, but in some cases a valve body replacement or transmission rebuild is required.